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Pre- 1. 77. 3 History of the Jesuits. Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. The only serious disturbances were those arising from the occasional quarrels of the civil governments with the ecclesiastical powers. Ignatius' first followers were immediately in great request to instruct the faithful, and to reform the clergy, monasteries, and convents. Though there was little organized or deep- seated mischief, the amount of lesser evils was immense; the possibility here and there of a catastrophe was evident. While the preachers and missionariesevangelized the country, colleges were established at Padua, Venice, Naples, Bologna, Florence, Parma, and other cities. On 2. 0 April 1. 55.
University of Ferrara addressed to the Sorbonne a most remarkable testimony in favor of the order. Charles Borromeo was, after the popes, perhaps the most generous of all the patrons, and they freely put their best talents at his disposal. Guillo Mazarino, see Sylbain, . A college was opened at Messina; success was marked, and its rules and methods were afterwards copied in other colleges.
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After fifty years the Society counted in Italy 8. The chief trouble in Italy occurred in Venice at 1. Paul V laid the city under interdict for serious breaches of ecclesiasticalimmunities. The Jesuits and some other religious retired from the city, and the Senate, inspired by Paolo Sarpi, the disaffected friar, passed a decree of perpetual banishment against them. In effect, though peace was made ere long with the pope, it was fifty years before the Society could return. Italy, during the first two centuries of the Society was still the most cultured country in Europe, and the Italian.
Jesuits enjoyed a high reputation for learning and letters. The elder Segneri is considered the first of Italian preachers, and there are a number of others of the first class. Maffei, Torellino, Strada, Palavicino, and Bartoli have left historical works which are still highly prized. Between Bellarmine (d. Zaccharia (d. 1. 79.
Italian. Jesuits of note in theology, controversy, and subsidiary sciences are reckoned by the score. They also claim a large proportion of the saints, martyrs, generals, and missionaries. In 1. 54. 4, however, Father Aroaz, cousin of St. Ignatius and a very eloquent preacher, came with six companions, and then their success was rapid. On 1 September, 1.
Ignatius established the province of Spain with seven houses and about forty religious; St. Francis Borgia joined in 1. Lainez accompanied the Spanish troops in their African campaign. With rapid success came unexpected opposition. Melchior Cano, O.
P., a theologian of Europeanreputation, attacked the young order, which could make no effective reply, nor could anyone get the professor to keep the peace. But, very unpleasant as the trial was, it eventually brought advantage to the order, as it advertised it well in university circles, and moreover drew out defenders of unexpected efficiency, as Juan de la Pe. The Jesuits continued to prosper, and Ignatius subdivided (2. September, 1. 55. Yet there were internal troubles both here and in Portugal under Simon. Rodriguez, which gave the founder anxieties.
In both countries the first houses had been established before the Constitutions and rules were committed to writing. It was inevitable therefore that the discipline introduced by Aroaz and Rodriguez should have differed somewhat from that which was being introduced by Ignatius at Rome. In Spain, the good offices of Borgia and the visits of Father Nadal did much to effect a gradual unification of the system, though not without difficulty. These troubles, however, affected the higher officials of the order rather than the rank and file, who were animated by the highest motives. The great preacher Ramirez is said to have attracted 5. Salamanca in the year 1.
Society. There were 3. Spanish. Jesuits at the death of Ignatius in 1. Borgia's generalate in 1.
Under the non- Spanish generals who followed, there was an unpleasant recrudescence of the nationalistic spirit. Considering the quarrels which daily arose between Spain and other nations, there can be no wonder at such ebullitions. As has been explained under Acquaviva, Philip of Spain lent his aid to the discontented parties, of whom the virtuous. Jos. Their ulterior object was to secure a separate comissary- general for Spain.
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This trouble was not quieted till the fifth congregation, 1. Dominicans, the protagonists on both sides being Spaniards. When we enumerate their great men and their great works, they defy all comparison. This comparisons gains further force when we remember that the success of the Jesuits in Flanders and in the parts of Italy then united with the Spanish crown was largely due to Spanish.
Jesuits; and the same is true of the Jesuits in Portugal, which country with its far- stretching colonies was also under the Spanish crown from 1. Portuguese. Jesuits nor the civil government of the country itself was amalgamated with those of Spain. But it was in the more abstract sciences that the Spanish genius shone with the greatest lustre; Toledo (d.
Molina (1. 60. 0), de Valentia (1. V. In moral theology, S.
In Scripture, Maldonado (1. Cios Dvd Dumper Download. Salmer. In secularliterature, mention may be made of de Isla and Baltasar Graci. This was especially the case with the Austrian, Father — later Cardinal — Everard Nidhard (confessor of Maria.
Anna of Austria) and Pere Daubenton, confessor of Philip V. After the era of the great writers, the chief glory of the Spanish.
Jesuits is to be found in their large and flourishing foreign missions in Peru, Chile, New Grenada, the Philippines, Paraguay, Quito, which will be noted under . There were served by 2. Jesuits at the time of the Suppression. Spain itself in 1.
Toledo with 6. 59 members, Castile, 7. Aragon, 6. 04; Seville, 6. Sardinia, 3. 00; total 2. Portugal. At the time when Ignatius founded his order Portugal was in her heroic age. Her rulers were full of enterprise, her universities were full of life, her trade routes extended over the then known world.
The Jesuits were welcomed with enthusiasm, and made good use of their opportunities. Francis Xavier, traversing Portuguese colonies and settlements, proceeded to make his splendid missionary conquests. These were continued by his confreres in such distant lands as Abyssinia, the Congo, South Africa, China, and Japan, by Fathers. Nunhes, Silveria, Acosta, Fernandes, and others. At Coimbra, and afterwards at Evora, the Society made the most surprising progress under such professors as Pedro de Fonseca (d. Luis. Molina (d. 1. Christov. With the advent of Spanish monarchy, 1.
Portuguese. Jesuits suffered no less than the rest of their country. Luis. Carvalho joined the Spanish opponents of Father Acquaviva, and when the apostolic collector, Ottavio Accoramboni, launched an interdict against the government of Lisbon, the Jesuits, especially Diego de Arida, became involved in the undignified strife. One the other hand, they played an honorable part in the restoration of Portugal's liberty in 1. King Jo. Among these Fathers were Antonio Vieira, one of Portugal's most eloquent orators.
Up to the Suppression, Portugal and her colonists supported the following missions, of which further notices will be found elsewhere, Goa (originally India), Malabar, Japan, China, Brazil, Maranhao. The Portuguese provinces in 1. In early years its young men were sent to Paris to be educated there as Ignatius had been. They were hospitably received by Guillaume de Prat, bishop of Claremont, whose h. Padre. Viola was the first rector, but the public classes did not begin until 1. The Parlement of Paris and the Sorbonne resisted vehemently the letters patent, which Henry II and after him Francis II, and Charles IX had granted with little difficulty. Meanwhile the same Bishop of Claremont had founded a second college at Billom in his own diocese, which was opened 2.
July, 1. 55. 6, before the first general congregation.